Abstract—This paper presents a control co-design method for
designing the mechanical power takeoff (PTO) system of a dual-
flap oscillating surge wave energy converter. Unlike most existing
work’s simplified representation of harvested power, this paper
derives a more realistic electrical power representation based
on a concise PTO modelling. This electrical power is used as
the objective for PTO design optimization with energy maxi-
mization control also taken into consideration to enable a more
comprehensive design evaluation. A simple PI control structure
speeds up the simultaneous co-optimization of control and PTO
parameters, and an equivalent circuit model of the WEC not
only streamlines power representation but also facilitates more
insightful evaluation of the optimization results. The optimized
PTO shows a large improvement in terms of power potential and
actual power performance. It’s found the generator’s
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